EXPOSING America, the lands of 10% according to the German Jews: Read Kamehameha's Descendants/Heirs vs. the State of Hawaii or the PIRATES/PARASITES IN PARADISE
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- Nixon, Richard Milhous (1913-1994) — also known as Richard M.
Nixon; ‘Tricky Dick’; ‘Searchlight’ — of Whittier, Los Angeles
County, Calif. Born in Yorba Linda, Orange County, Calif., January 9,
1913. Married, June 21, 1940, to Thelma Catherine ‘Pat’ Ryan (died
1993). Republican. Lawyer; served in the U.S. Navy during World War
II; U.S. Representative from California 12th District, 1947-50; U.S.
Senator from California, 1950-53; appointed 1950; resigned 1953;
delegate to Republican National Convention from California, 1952,
1956; Vice President of the United States, 1953-61; President of the
United States, 1969-74; defeated, 1960; candidate for Governor of
California, 1962; candidate for Republican nomination for President,
1964. Quaker. Member, American Legion. Resigned as President under
threat of impeachment as a result of the Watergate scandal; pardoned
in 1974 by President Gerald R. Ford. Died, from a stroke, at New York
Hospital/Cornell Medical Center, New York,
> New York County, N.Y., April 22, 1994. Interment at Richard Nixon
Library and Birthplace, Yorba Linda, Calif.
> Cross-reference: Maurice H. Stans; John H. Holdridge; Clark
MacGregor; Harry L. Sears
> See also: congressional biography; Internet Movie Database profile.
> Books by Richard M. Nixon: RN : The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
(1978); Beyond Peace (1994); 1999: Victory Without War (1988);
Leaders (1982); Memoirs; Six Crises (1962); The Challenges We Face
(1960, out of print); In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat and
Renewal (1990, out of print); No More Vietnams (1985, out of print);
The Poetry of Richard Milhous Nixon (1974, out of print); Real Peace
(1984, out of print); The Real War (1980, out of print); Seize The
Moment: America’s Challenge in a One-Superpower World (1992, out of
print)
> Books about Richard M. Nixon: Melvin Small, The Presidency of
Richard Nixon; Joan Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered; Jonathan Aitken,
Nixon : A Life; Garry Wills, Nixon Agonistes : The Crisis of the Self-
Made Man; Thomas Monsell, Nixon on Stage and Screen : The Thirty-
Seventh President As Depicted in Films, Television, Plays and Opera;
Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon : Education of a Politician, 1913-1962;
Richard Reeves, President Nixon: Alone in the White House; Roger
Morris, Richard Milhous Nixon: The Rise of an American Politician;
Robert Mason, Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority
> Critical books about Richard M. Nixon: Nathan Miller, Star-Spangled
Men : America’s Ten Worst Presidents
>
> U.S. President Gerald Rudolph Ford -
>
> Note: He was a Humane Society; American Legion; Amvets; Forty and
Eight; Veterans of Foreign Wars; Freemasons; Shriners; Jaycees; Delta
Kappa Epsilon; Phi Delta Phi member.
>
> Ford, Gerald Rudolph, Jr. (b. 1913) — also known as Gerald R.
Ford; Jerry Ford; Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; ‘Passkey’ — of Grand
Rapids, Kent County, Mich. Born in Omaha, Douglas County, Neb., July
14, 1913. Married, October 15, 1948, to Elizabeth Bloomer ‘Betty’
Warren; half-brother of Thomas G. Ford, Sr.. Republican. Lawyer;
served in the U.S. Navy during World War II; delegate to Republican
National Convention from Michigan, 1948, 1960, 1964; U.S.
Representative from Michigan 5th District, 1949-73; resigned 1973;
Vice President of the United States, 1973-74; President of the United
States, 1974-77; defeated, 1976. Episcopalian. Member, Humane
Society; American Legion; Amvets; Forty and Eight; Veterans of
Foreign Wars; Freemasons; Shriners; Jaycees; Delta Kappa Epsilon; Phi
Delta Phi. Shot at in two separate incidents in San Francisco in
September 1975. On September 5, Lynette ‘Squeaky’ Fromme, follower of
murderous cult leader Charles Manson, got close to the President
> with a loaded pistol, and squeezed the trigger at close range; the
gun misfired. On September 22, Sara Jane Moore fired a shot at him,
but a bystander deflected her aim. Both women were convicted and
sentenced to life in prison. Received the Medal of Freedom in 1999.
Still living as of 2003.
> Cross-reference: Richard M. Nixon
> See also: congressional biography; Internet Movie Database profile.
> Books by Gerald R. Ford: A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of
Gerald R. Ford (1983)
> Books about Gerald R. Ford: John Robert Greene, The Presidency of
Gerald R. Ford; Edward L. Schapsmeier, Gerald R. Ford’s Date With
Destiny: A Political Biography; James Cannon, Time and Chance :
Gerald Ford’s Appointment With History
>
> U.S. President James Earl Carter, Jr.
>
> Note: He was a Council on Foreign Relations; American Legion; Phi
Alpha Delta member.
>
> Carter, James Earl, Jr. (b. 1924) — also known as Jimmy
Carter; ‘The Peanut’; ‘Dasher’; ‘Deacon’ — of Plains, Sumter
County, Ga. Born in a hospital, at Plains, Sumter County, Ga.,
October 1, 1924. Son of James Earl Carter and Lillian (Gordy) Carter;
first cousin of Hugh Alton Carter, Sr.; married, July 7, 1946, to
Eleanor Rosalynn Smith. Democrat. Member of Georgia state senate,
1963-66; Governor of Georgia, 1971-75; President of the United
States, 1977-81; defeated, 1980; delegate to Democratic National
Convention from Georgia, 2000, 2004. Baptist. Member, Council on
Foreign Relations; American Legion; Phi Alpha Delta. Received the
Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. Still living as of 2004.
> Cross-reference: Clennon King; Thomas A. Hutto
> See also: Internet Movie Database profile.
> Books by Jimmy Carter: Turning Point : A Candidate, a State, and a
Nation Come of Age (1992); An Hour Before Daylight : Memories of a
Rural Boyhood (2001); Keeping Faith : Memoirs of a President (1982);
Always a Reckoning and Other Poems (1995); The Blood of Abraham:
Insights into the Middle East (1993); Everything to Gain : Making the
Most of the Rest of Your Life (1987); A Government As Good As Its
People (1977); Living Faith (1996); Negotiation: The Alternative to
Hostility (1984, out of print); An Outdoor Journal: Adventures and
Reflections (1994); Sources of Strength : Meditations on Scripture
for a Living Faith (1997); The Virtues of Aging (1998); Why Not The
Best? (1975); Talking Peace : A Vision for the Next Generation (1993,
for young readers)
> Books about Jimmy Carter: Douglas Brinkley, The Unfinished
Presidency : Jimmy Carter’s Journey to the Nobel Peace Prize; Rod
Troester, Jimmy Carter as Peacemaker : A Post-Presidential Biography
> Critical books about Jimmy Carter: Nathan Miller, Star-Spangled
Men : America’s Ten Worst Presidents; Steven F. Hayward, The Real
Jimmy Carter : How Our Worst Ex-President Undermines American Foreign
Policy, Coddles Dictators, and Created the Party of Clinton and Kerry
>
> U.S. President Ronald Wilson Reagan -
>
> Note: He was a American Legion; Lions; Tau Kappa Epsilon member.
>
> Reagan, Ronald Wilson (1911-2004) — also known as Ronald
Reagan; ‘Dutch’; ‘The Gipper’; ‘The Great Communicator’ ; ‘The Teflon
President’; ‘Rawhide’ — of Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles County,
Calif. Born in Tampico, Whiteside County, Ill., February 6, 1911.
Married, January 26, 1940, to Jane Wyman (actress; divorced 1948) and
Nancy Davis (actress); father of Maureen Elizabeth Reagan.
Republican. Worked as a sports broadcaster in Iowa in the 1930s,
doing local radio broadcast of Chicago Cubs baseball games; served in
the U.S. Army during World War II; professional actor in 1937-64;
appeared in dozens of films including Kings Row, Dark Victory, Santa
Fe Trail, Knute Rockne, All American, and The Winning Team; president
of the Screen Actors Guild, 1947-52, 1959-60; member of California
Republican State Central Committee, 1964-66; alternate delegate to
Republican National Convention from California, 1964; Governor of
California, 1967-75; candidate for Republican nomination
> for President, 1968, 1976; President of the United States, 1981-
89; on March 30, 1981, outside the Washington Hilton hotel, he and
three others were shot and wounded by John Hinkley, Jr.; received the
Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1993. Disciples of Christ. Member,
American Legion; Lions; Tau Kappa Epsilon. Died, from pneumonia and
Alzheimer’s disease, in Bel Air, Los Angeles County, Calif., June 5,
2004. Burial location unknown.
> Cross-reference: Katherine Hoffman Haley; Dana Rohrabacher; Donald
T. Regan
> See also: Internet Movie Database profile.
> Books by Ronald Reagan: Ronald Reagan : An American Life
> Books about Ronald Reagan: Lou Cannon, President Reagan : The Role
of a Lifetime; Lou Cannon, Governor Reagan : His Rise to Power; Peter
Schweizer, Reagan’s War : The Epic Story of His Forty-Year Struggle
and Final Triumph Over Communism; Lee Edwards, Ronald Reagan: A
Political Biography; Paul Kengor, God and Ronald Reagan : A Spiritual
Life; Mary Beth Brown, Hand of Providence: The Strong and Quiet Faith
of Ronald Reagan; Edmund Morris, Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan;
Peggy Noonan, When Character Was King: A Story of Ronald Reagan;
Peter J. Wallison, Ronald Reagan: The Power of Conviction and the
Success of His Presidency; Dinesh D’Souza, Ronald Reagan : How an
Ordinary Man Became an Extraordinary Leader; William F. Buckley, Jr.,
Ronald Reagan: An American Hero
>
> U.S. President George Bush
>
> Note: He was/is a member of Council on Foreign Relations; American
Legion; Society of the Cincinnati; Skull and Bones; Delta Kappa
Epsilon; Phi Beta Kappa.
>
> Bush, George Herbert Walker (b. 1924) — also known as George
Bush; ‘Poppy’; ‘Sheepskin’; ‘Timberwolf’ — of Midland, Midland
County, Tex.; Houston, Harris County, Tex. Born in Milton, Norfolk
County, Mass., June 12, 1924. First cousin thrice removed of David
Davis; son of Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy (Walker) Bush (1901-
1992); married, January 6, 1945, to Barbara Pierce; father of George
Walker Bush and John Ellis Bush. Republican. Served in the U.S. Navy
during World War II; delegate to Republican National Convention from
Texas, 1964; candidate for U.S. Senator from Texas, 1964, 1970; U.S.
Representative from Texas 7th District, 1967-71; U.S. Representative
to United Nations, 1971-73; Chairman of Republican National
Committee, 1973-74; U.S. Liaison to China, 1974-75; director, U.S.
Central Intelligence Agency, 1976-77; candidate for Republican
nomination for President, 1980; Vice President of the United States,
1981-89; President of the United States, 1989-93;
> defeated, 1992. Episcopalian. Member, Council on Foreign
Relations; American Legion; Society of the Cincinnati; Skull and
Bones; Delta Kappa Epsilon; Phi Beta Kappa. Still living as of 2003.
> Cross-reference: Caspar W. Weinberger; John H. Sununu
> See also: congressional biography; Internet Movie Database profile.
> Books by George H. W. Bush: All The Best, George Bush: My Life and
Other Writings (1999); Looking Forward (1987, out of print); A World
Transformed (1998)
> Books about George H. W. Bush: John Robert Greene, The Presidency
of George Bush; Tim O’Shei & Joe Marren, George H. W. Bush (for young
readers)
> Critical books about George H. W. Bush: Kevin Phillips, American
Dynasty: Aristocracy, Fortune, and the Politics of Deceit in the
House of Bush; Kitty Kelly, The Family : The Real Story of the Bush
Dynasty
>
> U.S. President William Clinton
>
> Note: He was/is a member of Council on Foreign Relations;
Trilateral Commission; Phi Alpha Delta; Pi Sigma Alpha.
>
>
- Clinton, William Jefferson (b. 1946) — also known as Bill
Clinton; William Jefferson Blythe IV; ‘Slick
Willie’; ‘Bubba’; ‘Elvis’; ‘Eagle’; ‘The Big Dog’ — of Arkansas.
Born in Hope, Hempstead County, Ark., August 19, 1946. Third cousin
twice removed of James Alexander Lockhart; married, October 11, 1975,
to Hillary Diane Rodham. Democrat. Rhodes scholar; candidate for U.S.
Representative from Arkansas 3rd District, 1974; Arkansas state
attorney general, 1977-79; Governor of Arkansas, 1979-81, 1983-92;
President of the United States, 1993-2001; delegate to Democratic
National Convention from Arkansas, 2000; delegate to Democratic
National Convention from New York, 2004. Baptist. Member, Council on
Foreign Relations; Trilateral Commission; Phi Alpha Delta; Pi Sigma
Alpha. Impeached by the House of Representatives in December 1998
over allegations of perjury and obstruction of justice, but acquitted
by the Senate. Still living as of 2004.
> Cross-reference: Abraham J. Hirschfeld; Kenneth W. Starr; Rahm
Emanuel
> See also: Internet Movie Database profile.
> Books by Bill Clinton: Between Hope and History : Meeting America’s
Challenges for the 21st Century (1996, out of print); My Life (2004)
> Books about Bill Clinton: David Maraniss, First in His Class : The
Biography of Bill Clinton; Joe Conason, The Hunting of the
President : The Ten-Year Campaign to Destroy Bill and Hillary
Clinton; Gene Lyons, Fools for Scandal : How the Media Invented
Whitewater; Sidney Blumenthal, The Clinton Wars; Dewayne Wickham,
Bill Clinton and Black America; Joe Klein, The Natural : The
Misunderstood Presidency of Bill Clinton; Nigel Hamilton, Bill
Clinton: An American Journey; Bob Woodward, The Agenda: Inside the
Clinton White House; George Stephanopolous, All Too Human; Tim
O’Shei, Bill Clinton (for young readers)
> Critical books about Bill Clinton: Barbara Olson, The Final Days :
The Last, Desperate Abuses of Power by the Clinton White House;
Meredith L. Oakley, On the Make : The Rise of Bill Clinton; Robert
Patterson, Dereliction of Duty: The Eyewitness Account of How Bill
Clinton Endangered America’s Long-Term National Securi; Ambrose Evans-
Pritchard, The Secret Life of Bill Clinton: The Unreported Stories;
Ann Coulter, High Crimes and Misdemeanors: The Case Against Bill
Clinton; Dick Morris and Eileen McGann, Because He Could; Jack
Cashill, Ron Brown’s Body : How One Man’s Death Saved the Clinton
Presidency and Hillary’s Future; Christopher Hitchens, No One Left To
Lie To: The Values of the Worst Family; Rich Lowry, Legacy: Paying
the Price for the Clinton Years; Richard Miniter, Losing Bin Laden :
How Bill Clinton’s Failures Unleashed Global Terror
>
> U.S. President George W. Bush
>
> Note: He was/is a member of Skull and Bones; Delta Kappa Epsilon.
>
> Bush, George Walker (b. 1946) — also known as George W.
Bush; ‘Dubya’; ‘Shrub’; ‘The Smirking Chimp’ — of Midland, Midland
County, Tex.; Crawford, McLennan County, Tex. Born in New Haven, New
Haven County, Conn., July 6, 1946. Grandson of Prescott Sheldon Bush;
son of Barbara (Pierce) Bush and George Herbert Walker Bush; married,
November 5, 1977, to Laura Welch; brother of John Ellis Bush.
Republican. Delegate to Republican National Convention from Texas,
1988; Governor of Texas, 1995-2000; President of the United States,
2001-. Methodist. Member, Skull and Bones; Delta Kappa Epsilon. Still
living as of 2004.
> See also: Internet Movie Database profile.
> Books by George W. Bush: A Charge to Keep (1999)
> Books about George W. Bush: J. H. Hatfield et al, Fortunate Son :
George W. Bush and the Making of An American President; Roger Simon,
Divided We Stand : How Al Gore Beat George Bush and Lost the
Presidency; Frank Bruni, Ambling into History : The Unlikely Odyssey
of George W. Bush; Bryan Laberge, George W. Bush : In the Whirlwind;
Lou Dubose et al, Boy Genius: Karl Rove, the Brains Behind the
Remarkable Political Triumph of George W. Bush; Bill Sammon,
Misunderestimated: The President Battles Terrorism, John Kerry, and
the Bush Haters; David Aikman, A Man of Faith: The Spiritual Journey
of George W. Bush; Bob Woodward, Bush at War; Bob Woodward, Plan of
Attack; Craig Unger, House of Bush, House of Saud: The Secret
Relationship Between the World’s Two Most Powerful Dynasties; Bill
Sammon, Misunderestimated: The President Battles Terrorism, John
Kerry, and the Bush Haters; Sandra J. Kachurek, George W. Bush (for
young readers); Tim O’Shei & Joe Marren, George W. Bush (for
> young readers)
> Critical books about George W. Bush: Molly Ivins, Shrub: The Short
But Happy Political Life of George W. Bush; David Corn, The Lies of
George W. Bush : Mastering the Politics of Deception; Kevin Phillips,
American Dynasty: Aristocracy, Fortune, and the Politics of Deceit in
the House of Bush; John Dean, Worse Than Watergate: The Secret
Presidency of George W. Bush; Kitty Kelly, The Family : The Real
Story of the Bush Dynasty; John W. Dean, Worse Than Watergate: The
Secret Presidency of George W. Bush; Ron Suskind, The Price of
Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul
O’Neill; Robert C. Byrd, Losing America: Confronting a Reckless and
Arrogant Presidency; Jack Huberman, The Bush – Haters Handbook: A
Guide to the Most Appalling Presidency of the Past 100 Years
>
> ************ *********
>
>
>
> Responses: 3 reply by
> amelia gora
> (654 posts)
> Mililani, Hawaii,
> Kingdom of Hawaii
> 7/12/2007 (05:10) delete edit reply top Response
to message 2 written by amelia gora
>
>
> REFERENCES:
>
>
> Knights of Pythias
> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvE5jVIAvK8 German Jews viewed America as the Land of 10%
> History of the Order
>
> The Order of Knights of Pythias is a great international fraternity
which was founded in Washington, DC, February 19, 1864, by Justus H.
Rathbone, and embraces more than two thousand subordinate lodges in
the United States and Canada, with occasional lodges having been
formed elsewhere. The primary object of fraternal organizations is to
promote friendship among men and to relieve suffering. Each
organization adopts some outstanding principle as its objective. The
individuality of an order is determined by its ideal sentiment. The
distinguishing principles of the Order of Knights of Pythias
are ‘FRIENDSHIP, CHARITY and BENEVOLENCE’ .
>
> It bases its lessons and builds it ritual largely on the familiar
story of the friendship of Damon and Pythias, who were historical
characters living about four hundred or more years before the
beginning of the Christian era. They were members of a school,
founded by Pythagoras, who was known as the father of Greek
philosophy.
>
> To become a member of the Pythagorean Brotherhood, certain very
rigorous tests were demanded and applied, some of which are very
similar to the ritualistic work of our order today. The object of the
organization was the moral uplifting and purification of society.
Strict morality, absolute truthfulness, honor and integrity were
thoroughly inculcated in the minds of its membership. It was a maxim
of Pythagoras that the two most excellent things for man were ‘to
speak the truth and to render benefits to each other’ The outstanding
feature of the society, however, was the marvelous friendship and
loyalty which bound the brotherhood together with hoops of steel,
which was so remarkably demonstrated in the incident which forms the
historic basis of our order.
>
> Damon had opposed the pretensions of the king of Syracuse, who had
gained the throne by fraud, and as a result he was condemned to
death. Pythias became a hostage for Damon, while the latter was
permitted his liberty to bid his wife and child goodbye. Each was
willing to die to save the other’s life. Their loyalty to each other,
the adventures that beset them, and the outcome of this noble
friendship, form the basis for one of the most beautiful stories of
history as exemplified in our ritual.
>
> The Drama – Damon and Pythias
>
> John Banim, Irish poet and dramatist, wrote a play based on this
friendship, which was first produced in London in 1821, and has since
been staged many hundreds of times.
>
> Familiarity with the Banim play encouraged Justus H. Rathbone to
organize a fraternal order on the basis of such friendship. Its first
small group of members took the vows of the new order with their
hands placed upon a pocket Bible that had been given Mr. Rathbone by
his mother. This Bible is still cherished as a treasured relic of the
Order, and many thousands of others have been privileged to become
members in what is known as ‘Rathbone Bible Classes’ the original
Bible being used to obligate them.
>
> Abraham Lincoln and Our Ritual
>
> The Order began, of course, during the Civil War, and its founder
believed that it might do much to heal the wounds and allay the
hatred of civil conflict. President Abraham Lincoln, being advised of
the contents of the ritual and its teaching, said: ‘The purposes of
your organization are most wonderful. If we could but bring its
spirit to all our citizenry, what a wonderful thing it would be. It
breathes the spirit of Friendship, Charity and Benevolence. It is one
of the best agencies conceived for the upholding of government,
honoring the flag, for the reuniting of our brethren of the North and
of the South, for teaching the people to love one another, and
portraying the sanctity of the home and loved ones. I would suggest
that these great principles by perpetuated and that you go to the
Congress of the United States and ask for a charter, and so organize
on a great scale throughout this nation, and disseminate this
wonderful work that you have so nobly started. I will do
> all in my power to assist you in this application and with your
work.’
>
> The suggestion made by the President was adopted. An application
was made to Congress for a charter, and the Order of Knights of
Pythias was the first American Order ever chartered by an Act of the
Congress of the United States.
>
> In the Order’s ritualistic work, every sentence has a meaning and
every paragraph a beautiful and inspiring lesson. The flag of the
country has an honored place at every meeting and the Holy Bible is
the supreme Book of Law. The Order does not seek to shape any man’s
creed, but Pythianism is the practical application of religious and
charitable principles to every day life. We have a heritage of which
we are proud and our precepts and teachings lead men to higher ideals
of life. We invite like minded men of good character to join us in
making these ideals the dominant factor in modern living.
>
> Peace Through Understanding
>
> The Knights of Pythias is dedicated to the cause of universal peace
and is pledged to the promotion of understanding among men of good
will as the surest means of attaining it.
>
> We believe that any two men, believers in a Supreme Being, meeting
in a spirit of good will in an honest effort to understand each
other, can live together in peace and harmony.
>
> We seek those who agree with this belief to apply for membership in
the Knights of Pythias and join us in an effort to reach ‘Peace
Through Understanding. ‘
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
- > Knights of Timplar
>
>
>
> Loyal Legion / MOLLUS Organization
>
> Welcome to the World Wide Web home of the Military Order of the
Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS). On April 15, 1865, as
word of President Abraham Lincoln’s death spread throughout the
country, three Union Army officer friends met in Philadelphia to
discuss the tragic news. Rumors from Washington of a conspiracy to
destroy the Federal government by assassination of its leaders
prompted the three officers to form an organization that could help
thwart future threats to the national government.
> A mass meeting of Philadelphia veterans was held on April 20, 1865
to pledge renewed allegiance to the Union and to plan for
participation in the funeral arrangements for the President. The
Philadelphia officers, who served as an honor guard for President
Lincoln’s funeral cortege, met again after the funeral was over to
establish a permanent organization of officers and former officers
patterned after the Society of Cincinnati established after the
Revolutionary War. The name they chose, the Military Order of the
Loyal Legion of the United States, first appeared in a notice calling
a meeting on May 31, 1865 at Independence Hall.
> Since its inception, the MOLLUS membership has included nearly
12,000 Civil War officers. At its zenith, the MOLLUS counted
practically every prominent officer among its ranks. Among them were
Generals Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman; Lt. Generals Philip H.
Sheridan, Nelson A. Miles and John M. Schofield; Major General
Winfield Scott Hancock, George B. McClellan, Rutherford B. Hayes,
George Armstrong Custer, David McMurtrie Gregg and Grenville M.
Dodge; Admiral David G. Farragut; Rear Admirals Bancroft Gherardi and
George W. Melville. In addition to Ulysses S. Grant and Rutherford B.
Hayes, Original Companions Chester A. Arthur, Benjamin Harrison and
William McKinley served as Presidents of the United States.
> With the eventual aging of the Original Companions, membership
within the MOLLUS was changed to provide for Hereditary Companions;
descendants of eligible officers. There are currently four categories
of membership: Hereditary, Junior, Associate and Honorary. Many
Original Companions of MOLLUS were also members of the Grand Army of
the Republic (GAR). Similarly, many Hereditary Companions of MOLLUS
are currently also members of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil
War, the legal heir to the GAR. Membership information may be
obtained by going to our interactive Membership Information Request
form.
> Organizationally, the MOLLUS is composed of a National Commandery-
in-Chief and individual state Commanderies. There are currently 19
Commanderies and two Provisional Commanderies. Additional information
regarding the MOLLUS, its history, commanderies, membership, and
activities may be obtained by going to our Web Site Index page.
>
> Fraternities -
>
> You Are Here: > Sigma Chi > About Sigma Chi > History > History of
Fraternities
> History of Fraternities
> Serious-minded men founded fraternities that set up lifelong ideals
for themselves and their successors. A true appreciation of their
spirit and purpose can only be attained by understanding their
colorful history.
>
> In the Beginning
> In 1776, Phi Beta Kappa, the first American society to bear a Greek-
letter name, was born at the College of William and Mary in
Williamsburg, Va. Like the fraternities of today, it had a ritual
that was secret to all but its members, as well as a secret motto,
grip and password. This society soon became, and has since remained,
purely honorary, with high scholastic attainment in liberal arts as
the prerequisite for membership.
>
> Kappa Alpha Society is the oldest brotherhood of a social and
literary character that has had a continuous existence in American
colleges. Founded at Union College in Schenectady, N.Y., on Nov. 26,
1825, it is recognized as the forerunner of the present system of
American college fraternities. It has chartered 12 chapters.
>
> Sigma Phi, founded at the same institution in the spring of 1827,
and the second oldest fraternity, was the first to establish a branch
chapter at another college. It, too, has severely restricted
expansion, having granted but 14 charters in its history.
>
> Delta Phi, established in 1827, has chartered 24 chapters.
>
> The Big Three
> Known as ‖The Union Triad,†Kappa Alpha, Sigma Phi and Delta
Phi soon faced faculty opposition. Delta Phi took up the defense of
fraternities and member John Jay Hyde of the class of 1834
represented them. Hyde stated the aims and objectives of fraternities
so well that he convinced them of the benefits of continuing the
fraternity system.
>
> These three Eastern societies became the model for the American
college fraternity system, and imitation of them or splintering away
from them accounts for the establishment of nearly all Greek-letter
organizations.
>
> Chapters Multiply
> In 1831, Sigma Phi became the first fraternity to establish a
second chapter, which it placed at Hamilton College in Clinton, N.Y.
In 1832, the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity was founded at the same
college.
>
> Go West, Young Man
> By 1833, America’s fraternity system consisted of Kappa Alpha,
Sigma Phi, Delta Phi, Psi Upsilon (founded at Union College) and
Alpha Delta Phi. Then a lone founder of Alpha Delta Phi boldly
planted its second chapter at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, in
what was then considered ‖the West.†Ohio became the third state-
after New York and Virginia-and Miami University became the fourth
institution to serve as a home to fraternities.
>
> Opposition to the establishment of Alpha Delta Phi at Miami
University led to the formation of Beta Theta Pi on Aug. 8, 1839-as
the first fraternity to originate west of the Alleghenies. The birth
of Phi Delta Theta occurred at Miami on Dec. 26, 1848.
>
> Schism Creates Sigma Chi
> Delta Kappa Epsilon was founded at Yale in 1844 by 15 members of
the class of 1846. All 15 had expected to become members of one of
the then junior societies of Phi Upsilon and Alpha Delta Phi. When
some of them were not invited to join, they decided that together
they would found a new society. The 13th chapter of Delta Kappa
Epsilon was established at Miami in 1852. An 1855 schism in this
young chapter led to the founding of Sigma Chi on June 28 of the same
year.
>
> Thus the ‖Miami Triad†of Beta Theta Pi, Phi Delta Theta and
Sigma Chi was complete and began to spread throughout the West and
South. The three parent chapters were dormant during the inactivity
of Miami University from 1873 until 1886, and there were other short
periods of dormancy in the cases of Phi Delta Theta and Sigma Chi. In
all three organizations, the number of charter grants has exceeded
100, and today the Miami Triad fraternities are international in
every sense of the word.
>
> Southern Expansion
> The first fraternity to be started in the South, the W.W.W., or
Rainbow, was founded at the University of Mississippi in 1848. This
group later united with Delta Tau Delta.
>
> Sigma Alpha Epsilon, born at the University of Alabama one year
after the founding of Sigma Chi, is recorded as being the second
fraternity founded in the South. After the Civil War, the state of
affairs in the South was so uncertain that the re-establishment of
northern fraternities was not generally undertaken all at once, and
as a result numerous new southern fraternities were born.
>
> The Virginia Military Institute was the site of three foundings:
Alpha Tau Omega in 1865, Kappa Sigma Kappa in 1867 and Sigma Nu in
1869. The Kappa Alpha Order was founded at Washington and Lee
University in 1865, and Pi Kappa Alpha originated in 1868, followed
by Kappa Sigma in 1869 at the University of Virginia. Since 1900, the
development of new fraternities has been so rapid that the 20th-
century organizations outnumber those established during the 126
preceding years.
>
>
>
> Skull and Bones:
>
> The Legend of the Skull Of Sidon
>
>
> The Skull and Cross bones have long been known to have Masonic
connections. It was commonly used as a symbol on Masonic Grave sites
in the past. The Skull and Crossbones, Masonic or not point out to us
all, our own mortality and eventual death. This image of mortality
was believed to figure in Templar ritual. Now while this claim in and
of itself seems quite believable, one of the legends of how it came
to be is not.
> It is well known that the order of the Templars were monastic in
nature and therefore forbidden to have involvement with women.
> The legend of the Skull of Sidon states that a great lady of
Maraclea was loved by a Templar who was a Lord of Sidon. She died
suddenly. On the night of her burial, he supposedly crept to her
grave, dug up her body and violated it.
> Then a voice from the void bade him return in nine months time for
he would find a son.
> He returned at the appointed time, opened the grave again and found
a head on the leg bones of the skeleton (skull and crossbones).
> The same voice bade him ‘guard it well, for it would be the giver
of all good things’, and so he carried it away with him.
> It became his protecting genius, and he was able to defeat his
enemies by merely showing them the magic head. In due course, it
passed to the possession of the order.
> This tale can be traced back to a twelfth century author named
Walter Mapp, although the story at this time is not connected with
the Templar Knights. However, at the time of their trials 1307-1314
it was well woven into the Templar legend. In fact it was called upon
during the actual trials of the Templars.
> Edward Burman in his book Supremely Abominable Crimes tells of an
Antonio Sicci, an apostolic notary from Vercelli, Northern Italy.
Sicci recounts to the inquisitors the tale of the Lord of Sidon which
he claimed he learned while working for the order in the Holy Land.
His accusation and recounting of the tale is similar to that quoted
in Baigent and Leigh’s book.
> As ridiculous as this tale seems in modern times, it was easily
bought during the period. The inquisitors and theologians would have
picked up on the fact that the woman of the piece was Armenian by
background. This they would have connected with the Armenian Church
and its Paulician sects. The Paulicians and the Bogomils were
practitioners of Catharism which the church had all but wiped out
during the Albigensian Crusade. Since the church believed the Cathari
to be practitioners of the Black Mass and necromancy, the woman’s
Armenian background would make the story guilty by association.
> – The Holy Blood and The Holy Grail
>
>
>
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